Cardiology

 

 Basic anatomy (Structure of the heart)

• Epicardium
• Pericardium
• Myocardium
• Papillary muscle
• Endocardium
• Coronary circulation (Blood supply of the heart)
• Heart valves

 Circulatory system (Blood supply of the body)

• Cardiac output
• Heart rate
• Vascular resistance
• Blood vessels

 Pulmonary circulation (Oxygenation of the blood)

• Pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary vein

 Cardiac pacemaker (Electrical system of the heart)

• Electrical conduction system of the heart
  • Action potential
    • Ventricular action potential
• Sinoatrial node
• Atrioventricular node
• Bundle of His
• Purkinje fibers

 Basic cardiac physiology

• Systole
• Diastole
• Heart sounds
• Preload
• Afterload
• Kussmaul's sign

Disorders of the coronary circulation

• Atherosclerosis
• Restenosis
• Coronary heart disease (Ischaemic heart disease, Coronary artery disease)
• Acute coronary syndrome
  • Angina
  • Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)

Sudden cardiac death (The abrupt cessation of blood flow, leading to death)

• Cardiac arrest

Treatment of sudden cardiac death

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart)

• Cardiomyopathy
  • Ischemic cardiomyopathy
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
    • Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS))
    • Dilated cardiomyopathy
      • Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy
      • Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Transient apical ballooning, stress-induced cardiomyopathy)
    • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)
    • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• Congestive heart failure
  • Cor pulmonale
• Ventricular hypertrophy
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Primary tumors of the heart
  • Myxoma

Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart)

• Pericarditis
• Pericardial tamponade
• Constrictive pericarditis

Disorders of the heart valves

• Aortic valve disorders
  • Aortic insufficiency
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Aortic valve replacement
  • Aortic valve repair
  • Aortic valvuloplasty
• Mitral valve disorders
  • Mitral valve prolapse
  • Mitral regurgitation
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Mitral valve replacement
  • Mitral valve repair
  • Mitral valvuloplasty
• Pulmonic valve disorders
  • Tricuspid valve disorders

  Disorders of the electrical system of the heart (Cardiac electrophysiology)

  • Cardiac arrhythmias
    • Supraventricular tachycardia (Fast rhythms that originate above the ventricles)
      • Atrial fibrillation
      • Atrial flutter
      • Sick sinus syndrome (Tachy-Brady syndrome)
      • AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)
      • Bigeminy
      • Premature ventricular contraction
      • Ventricular tachycardia
        • Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
          • Torsades de pointes
      • Ventricular fibrillation
      • Sick sinus syndrome
      • Bundle branch block
        • Left bundle branch block
        • Right bundle branch block
      • Heart block
        • First degree heart block
        • Second degree heart block
        • Trifascicular heart block
        • Third degree heart block
          • Lev's disease
      • Specific diseases of the electrical system of the heart
        • Brugada syndrome
        • Long QT syndrome
          • Andersen-Tawil syndrome
          • Romano-Ward syndrome
        • Short QT syndrome
        • Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome)

      Inflammation and infection of the heart

      • Endocarditis
        • Rheumatic heart disease
      • Myocarditis
      • Pericarditis

      Congenital heart disease

      • Atrial septal defect
      • Ventricular septal defect
      • Patent ductus arteriosus
      • Bicuspid aortic valve
      • Tetralogy of Fallot
      • Transposition of the great vessels (TGV)

      Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases)

      • Vasculitis
      • Atherosclerosis
      • Aneurysm
      • Varicose veins
      • Economy class syndrome
      • Diseases of the aorta
        • Coarctation of the aorta
        • Aortic dissection
      • Diseases of the carotid arteries
        • Carotid artery disease
        • Carotid artery dissection

      Procedures done for coronary artery disease

      • Atherectomy
      • Angioplasty (PTCA)
        • Stenting
      • Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)
      • Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)

      Devices used in cardiology

      • Stethoscope
      • Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm
        • Pacemaker
        • Defibrillator
          • Automated external defibrillator
          • Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
      • Devices used to maintain blood pressure
        • Artificial heart
        • Heart-lung machine
        • Intra-aortic balloon pump
        • Ventricular assist device

      Diagnostic tests and procedures

      • Blood tests
      • Echocardiogram
      • Cardiac stress test
      • Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
        • Ambulatory Holter monitor
      • Electrophysiologic study
        • Programmed electrical stimulation
      • Sphygmomanometer (Blood pressure cuff)
      • Cardiac enzymes
      • Coronary catheterization
        • IVUS (IntraVascular UltraSound)

      Cardiac pharmaceutical agents

      The followings are medications commonly prescribed in cardiology:

      • Antiarrhythmic agents
        • Type I (sodium channel blockers)
          • Type Ia
            • Quinidine
          • Type Ib
            • Lidocaine
            • Phenytoin
          • Type Ic
            • Propafenone
        • Type II (beta blockers)
          • Metoprolol
        • Type III (potassium channel blockers)
          • Amiodarone
          • Dofetilide
          • Sotalol
        • Type IV (slow calcium channel blockers)
          • Diltiazem
          • Verapamil
        • Type V
          • Adenosine
          • Digoxin
      • ACE inhibitors
        • Captopril
        • Enalapril
        • Perindopril
        • Ramipril
      • Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
        • Candesartan
        • Eprosartan
        • Irbesartan
        • Losartan
        • Telmisartan
        • Valsartan
      • Beta blocker
      • Calcium channel blocker

      See also

      • Interventional cardiology
      • Clinical cardiac electrophysiology

      External links

      • European Society of Cardiology
      • U.S. National Institue of Health (NIH)
      • American College of Cardiology
      • American Heart Association
      • Cardiology Journal Watch
      • National Heart Foundation Australia
      • On-Line Cardiology Journal Club (via JournalReview.org)
      • Coronary heart disease
      • Virtual Cardiac Centre - latest comprehensive information on the field of Cardiology.

      
       

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